THE HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE

HTML is that the customary markup language for making websites and net applications. With CSS and JavaScript, it forms a triad of cornerstone technologies for the World Wide Web.


Web browsers receive markup language documents from an online server or from native storage and render the documents into multimedia system websites. markup language describes the structure of an online page semantically and originally enclosed cues for the looks of the document.


HTML components are the building blocks of markup language pages. With markup language constructs, pictures and alternative objects like interactive forms could also be embedded into the rendered page. a markup language provides a way to form structured documents by denoting structural linguistics for text like headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and alternative things. markup language components are portrayed by tags, written victimization angle brackets. Tags like an <input /> directly introduce content into the page. different tags like surround and supply data concerning document text and will embrace different tags as sub-elements. Browsers don't show the markup language tags, however, use them to interpret the content of the page.

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HTML will implant programs written during a scripting language like JavaScript, that affects the behavior and content of websites. The inclusion of CSS defines the planning and layout of content. the globe Wide net pool (W3C), a supporter of each the markup language and the CSS standards, has inspired the utilization of CSS over specific display markup language since 1997.


DEVELOPMENT

In 1980, a man of science Tim Berners-Lee, a contractor at CERN, planned and prototyped ENQUIRE, a system for CERN researchers to use and share documents. In 1989, Berners-Lee wrote a note proposing AN Internet-based object-oriented database management system. Berners-Lee nominative hypertext markup language and wrote the browser and server package in late 1990. That year, Berners-Lee and CERN information systems engineer Robert Cailliau collaborated on a joint request for funding, however, the project wasn't formally adopted by CERN. In his personal notes from 1990, he listed "some of the various areas within which machine-readable text is used" ANd place a reference book initial.


The first publically offered description of hypertext markup language was a document referred to as "HTML Tags", initially mentioned on the web by Tim Berners-Lee in late 1991. It describes eighteen components comprising the initial, comparatively easy style of hypertext markup language. apart from the link tag, these were powerfully influenced by SGMLguid, AN in-house customary Generalized nomenclature (SGML)-based documentation format at CERN. Eleven of those components still exist in hypertext markup language four.


HTML could be a nomenclature that net browsers use to interpret and compose text, images, and alternative material into visual or hearable websites. Default characteristics for each item of hypertext markup language markup are outlined within the browser, and these characteristics may be altered or increased by the net page designer's extra use of CSS. several of the text components are found within the 1988 ISO technical report TR 9537 Techniques for victimization standard generalized markup language, that successively covers the options of early text format|information|info} languages like that employed by the RUNOFF command developed within the early Nineteen Sixties for the CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) operational system: these formatting commands were derived from the commands employed by typesetters to manually format documents. However, the standard generalized markup language conception of generalized markup relies on components (nested annotated ranges with attributes) instead of simply print effects, with conjointly the separation of structure and markup; hypertext markup language has been increasingly captive during this direction with CSS.


Berners-Lee thought-about hypertext markup language to be AN application of standard generalized markup language. it had been formally outlined {as such|intrinsically|per se|in ANd of itself} by the web Engineering Task Force (IETF) with the mid-1993 publication of the primary proposal for an hypertext markup language specification, the "Hypertext nomenclature (HTML)" net Draft by Berners-Lee and Dan Maureen Catherine Connolly, including AN standard generalized markup language Document kind definition to outline the descriptive linguistics. The draft terminated when six months, however, was notable for its acknowledgment of the NCSA Mosaic browser's custom tag for embedding in-line pictures, reflective the IETF's philosophy of basing standards on self-made prototypes. Similarly, Dave Raggett's competitive Internet-Draft, "HTML+ (Hypertext Markup Format)", from late 1993, advised standardizing already-implemented options like tables and fill-out forms.


After the hypertext markup language and HTML+ drafts terminated in early 1994, the IETF created AN hypertext markup language working for the party, that in 1995 completed "HTML a pair of.0", the primary hypertext markup language specification meant to be treated as a typical against that future implementations ought to be based mostly.


Further development beneath the auspices of the IETF was stalled by competitive interests. Since 1996, the hypertext markup language specifications are maintained, with input from industrial package vendors, by the planet Wide net syndicate (W3C). However, in 2000, hypertext markup language conjointly became a global customary (ISO/IEC 15445:2000). HTML 4.01 was printed in late 1999, with additional errata printed through 2001. In 2004, development began on HTML5 within the net machine-readable text Application Technology working party (WHATWG), that became a joint deliverable with the W3C in 2008 and completed and standardized on twenty-eight Oct 2014.

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ELEMENTS

HTML documents imply a structure of nested markup language parts. These are indicated within the document by markup language tags, closed in angle brackets thus:


In the straightforward, general case, the extent of a component is indicated by a combination of tags: a "start tag" and "end tag". The text content of the component, if any, is placed between these tags.


Tags may enclose more tag markup between the beginning and finish, together with a combination of tags and text. this means more (nested) parts, as youngsters of the parent component.


The start tag may embody attributes among the tag. These indicate alternative info, like identifiers for sections among the document, identifiers accustomed bind vogue info to the presentation of the document, and for a few tags like the accustomed infix pictures, the regard to the image resource.


Some parts, like the road break, don't allow any embedded content, either text or more tags. These need solely one empty tag (akin to a begin tag) associate degreed don't use a finish tag.


Many tags, significantly the closing finish tag for the terribly ordinarily used paragraph component, are elective. associate degree markup language browser or alternative agent will infer the closure for the tip of a component from the context and therefore the structural rules outlined by the markup language normal. These rules are advanced and not widely understood by most markup language coders.


The general style of associate degree markup language component is, therefore: ''content''. Some markup language parts are outlined as empty parts and take the shape. Empty parts might enclose no content, as an example, the tag or the inline tag. The name of the associate degree markup language component is that the name utilized in the tags. Note that the tip tag's name is preceded by a slash character, /, which in empty parts the tip tag is neither needed nor allowed. If attributes don't seem to be mentioned, default values are utilized in every case.


MARKUP

HTML markup consists of many key elements, as well as those known as tags (and their attributes), character-based information sorts, character references, and entity references. markup language tags most ordinarily are available in pairs like and, though some represent empty components then are odd, for instance. the primary tag in such a combine is that the begin tag, and therefore the second is that the finished tag (they are known as gap tags and shutting tags).


Another vital part is that the markup language document sort declaration, that triggers standards mode rendering.


The following is Associate in Nursing example of the classic "Hello, World!" program:


<html>

<head>

<title>This is a title</title>

</head>

<body>

salutation world!

</body>

</html>


The text between <html> and </html> describes the online page, and therefore the text between <body> and </body> is that the visible page content. The markup text <title>This may be a title</title> defines the browser page title.


The Document sort Declaration is for HTML5. If a declaration isn't enclosed, numerous browsers can revert to "quirks mode" for rendering.


STRUCTURAL MARKUP INDICATES THE AIM OF THE TEXT

For example, Golf establishes "Golf" as a second-level heading. Structural markup doesn't denote any specific rendering, however, most internet browsers have default designs for the component format. Content could also be any titled mistreatment Cascading vogue Sheets (CSS).


PRESENTATIONAL MARKUP INDICATES THE LOOKS OF THE TEXT, NO MATTER ITS PURPOSE

For example, daring face indicates that visual output devices ought to render "boldface" in bold text, however, offers very little indication what devices that are unable to try to this (such as aural devices that scan the text aloud) ought to do. within the case of each daring and italic, there are alternative components that will have equivalent visual renderings however that are additional linguistics in nature, like robust text and emphasized text severally. it's easier to work out however Associate in Nursing aural user agent ought to interpret the latter 2 components. However, they're not corresponding to their display counterparts: it might be undesirable for a screen-reader to emphasize the name of a book, as an example, however on a screen such a reputation would be italicized. Most display markup components became deprecated beneath the markup language four.0 specification in favor of mistreatment CSS for styling.


HYPERTEXT MARKUP MAKES ELEMENTS OF A DOCUMENT INTO LINKS TO ALTERNATIVE DOCUMENTS

An anchor component creates a link within the document and its href attribute sets the link's target uniform resource locator. for instance, the markup language markup Wikipedia can render the word "Wikipedia" as a link. To render a picture as a link, Associate in the Nursing img component is inserted as content into the component. Like BR, img is Associate in a Nursing empty component with attributes however no content or closing tag.


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RESPONSIVE WEB DESIGN

INTRODUCTION

Due to the evolution of techniques and communication devices within the past decade, anyone will simply surf around the web using a computer, mobile phone, tablet, television, game console, etc. all these devices have the power to access to the internet, and have their own screen dimensions and use completely different resolutions. thence web designers ought to make sure that the content of their web site is legible and functional one of these resolutions.

That was a motivation for the development of Responsive web design (RWD). The term RWD was 1st mentioned by Ethan Marcotte in his report revealed in could 2010 on the portal “A list apart“. in that (Responsive net style, 2013) he delineates theories and the applications of RWD. One year later, the term RWD was ranged on the second position on prime web design Trends within the British e-magazine .net.

The year 2013 was proclaimed in Mashable inc., the British-American news web site, technology, and social media, as a year of RWD, (Mashable, 2013). thence the thought of the authors of this paper to analyze the extent to that RWD is enforced in apply. For that purpose, we checked 470 websites in four completely different countries: Serbia, Canada, UK, and the USA.

RESPONSIVE WEB DESIGN

The main plan of the essential principles of RWD and wealthy net Applications (RIA) is web for All and web on Everything, see (Karolić, 2013.). The essence of this concept is to alter access to the online content for all existing media. As already explicit within the Introduction, nowadays, there are various varieties of devices for accessing the web that have completely different screen dimensions. however, users have similar wants once surfing around the web, irrespective of the device they're mistreatment. For, example, obtaining info from websites created for projection screen computers, accessing the online by mobile phone can be quite uncomfortable. thence the necessity for adapting the layout of the web content for various screen dimensions and resolutions. On the opposite hand, making completely different sites for varied devices is an exertion for web designers, and should even be avoided. along with the development of the media trade (mobile phones, iPods, screens), techniques for adapting a web page for various media are developing too. during this context, RWD seems to be a decent answer.

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In the last four years, there's a rise for quite forty-five of the utilization of mobile phones for accessing the online. The calculable range of individuals accessing the web per mobile phone is about one.1 billion (Musti, Kashyap, 2013.). consistent with a prediction of the Ericsson company, (Vanguardngr, 2014), the number of mobile phone users can reach nine billion in 2018. it's expected that good phones keep the leader position among different mobile devices

It is not versatile and not profitable to conduct surveys regarding what devices users use for accessing your website and adapting the web site consistent with the results. the correct answer for various user devices is making a versatile, good and adaptative web site. in order to do, therefore, one needs to take into consideration completely different screen dimensions and resolutions and to adapt the content layout consequently. this is a comparatively new idea and needs a well-organized HTML structure, as such a structure will be versatile to completely different devices. Therefore, it's judicious to listen to (Developing responsive, 2013; pictures Guide, 2013):

ü  The number of columns of the web page ought to be adaptative to the screen/window• dimensions

ü  The menus and therefore the content must be displayed consistent with the interest of the users'

ü  Pictures and videos ought to dynamically be resized in order to suit the screen dimension

ü  Menus, links, and buttons must be larger on bit screen devices, therefore it might alter a user-friendly environment

ü  The area between interactive links needs to be sufficiently high in order to avoid occasional prolong small devices like good phones or tablets

ü  The font size and line spacing ought to be determined to alter the simple reading. the number of columns ought to even be carefully chosen in this manner.

ü  Using CSS3 rules for visual effects rather than pictures

RWD may be a client-server technology. it's mainly realized through Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). the most plan of RWD is that adopting the content layout is complete with minimum server requests. RWD works the most effective once the content renders consistent with the device.

Generally, the content shouldn't be reduced therefore extraordinarily, that it becomes hardly legible. It rather ought to be tailored to the screen dimensions. In different words, it ought to intelligently re-shape itself for optimum usability and impact.

Creating a responsive web site needs employing a proportion-based grid, versatile pictures, and CSS3 media queries. The proportion-based grid is usually known as „Fluid grid“. Its basic plan is that the size of all components ought to run in relative units, i.e. in percents (%), whereas fastened units like pixels ought to be avoided. One ought to conjointly provide versatile dimensions for pictures that are proportional to numerous screen resolutions. CSS media queries enable the US to make completely different designs for varied screen dimensions and devices. thereon means, the online page is displayed using the design that is best tailored to the user's screen dimensions.

RWD LIMITATIONS

Besides all on top of mentioned blessings, there are some limitations of RWD. 1st of all, there's no universal screen resolution, which inserts all devices. In different words, the therefore known as „one-size-fits-all" resolution doesn't exist. Usually, it's not possible to stretch the online content from the littlest good phone to the resolution of the most important smart TV. the images can be of low resolution and therefore the text can be of low readability. Therefore, it's vital to optimize content to the requirements of the business.

Besides RWD, there are some rules which might facilitate adapting the content layout while not ever-changing the elements: once deciding the optimum content dimension simply add margins to suit the remainder of the screen. this is often what we called semi-responsive sites.

One of the constraints of RWD is that some older net browsers don't support CSS3 media queries. In Table one the browser support of some CSS3 rules concerning properties remodels and transition are bestowed.

A solution for a few of those limitations are prefixes for the CSS3 properties that build those options operating well in varied browsers. As shown within Table one, for instance, the browser Mozzila is mistreatment prefix -webkit-. Overall, in spite of all limitations, the advantage of mistreatment RWD is critical.

STATISTICS AND TOOLS FOR RWD

According to (Browser support, 2013), the foremost unremarkably used screen resolutions are 1366x768px (mostly for laptops) - twenty five and 1900x1200px (desktop computers) - over thirtieth, mobile phones with resolution 800x480px - zero.5%. looking out the online by mistreatment mobile devices is continually increasing since 2011. the quantity of computers around the world reaches a pair of billion, whereas the quantity of itinerant house owners is up to five billion. the necessity for making a responsive web page which might simply be accessed by mistreatment varied devices is clear.

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THE SURVEY

 The task of this paper is

ü    To look at the presence of responsive web design in Serbia, Canada, UK and USA

ü    To comment on usability, illustration, and legitimacy of using RWD among sites.

Methods employed in the survey for grouping knowledge were: descriptive and comparative ways. during this survey, we used 2 criteria for assessing the implementation of RWD:

ü    The behavior of the online content throughout reading port reducing

ü    The content layout on varied screens and devices mistreatment the said tool

In our survey, we are going to classify the determined websites in 3 categories:

ü    Fluid responsive websites,

ü    Semi-responsive websites,

ü    Not responsive websites.

FLUID RESPONSIVE

Websites are complete Adaptative to completely different screen dimensions and therefore the content is visible on all devices and resolutions (mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and PCs). This could be achieved in 2 ways: by together with CSS3 media screen queries that provide US a chance to implement completely different CSS rules for various resolutions or one can use JavaScript or query scripts for dynamic calculating the size and positions of components consistent with the screen dimensions.

SEMI-RESPONSIVE

websites contain a grid of bound dimensions, and their content is adaptative up to a hard and fast screen dimension, however, the content isn't any additional adaptative on lower screen dimensions. The grid is especially targeted horizontally and has such dimensions to suit a good vary of screen dimensions. In several cases it's the grid of 960px or 980px dimension. we tend to decision websites semi-responsive:

ü    If the dimension of the most content divider is smaller than the bulk of

            screen widths and therefore the remainder of the page fits as a background.

ü    If they need some components that are adaptative to all or any screens, 

      like menus or link buttons,

ü   If the horizontal navigation bar is going in a replacement line while not ever- 

      changing the font size

NOT RESPONSIVE

websites have components with fastened dimensions and don't modification consistent with the various devices and screen resolutions.

In our survey, we checked the utilization of RWD of internet sites of varied classes like real estates, hotels, bookstores, bike stores, music instruments, doctors, dentists, restaurants, foreign language faculties, flower retailers, home appliances, etc. we tested 470 websites in total from four completely different countries: Serbia, Canada, USA, and the UK.

In our survey, we checked 117 websites of the on top of the listed classes from Serbia and obtained the following results: RWD is found on only seventeenth websites. the bulk of websites are semi-responsive (56%), and twenty-seven of the checked websites don't seem to be responsive. From the obtained results we are able to conclude that RWD isn't gifted normally in Serbia. However, the bulk of the checked websites is semi-responsive, therefore we are able to conclude that there exists a plan regarding the necessity of the utilization of RWD which there's in all probability a scarcity of data the way to produce fluid responsive websites since RWD is a comparatively new technique.

In Canada, there are regarding sixtieth semi-responsive websites and twelve-tone system not responsive ones. the share of fluid responsive websites is twenty-eight.

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CONCLUSIONS

The results of our RWD survey indicate that the bulk of analyzed websites don't seem to be created mistreatment the newest technologies like CSS3 and HTML5 and don't seem to be adaptative to numerous resolutions and devices. The unremarkably used technologies are HTML4, CSS2, JavaScript, Flash, and PHP.

Taking into consideration the results of our analyses, RWD and new net technologies are taking huge steps to the long run, since the necessity of adapting websites to numerous devices is growing incessantly. the bulk of websites created before 2012 are optimized for resolutions of 1024x768 and 1280x1024, with a body dimension of 800px to 960px.

Social network link buttons and email forms are largely fluid responsive. Also, the foremost common social networks are fluid responsive. this might be one among the explanations for his or her huge quality. Fluid websites are somewhat underneath portrayed these days, however, they're undoubtedly the long run of web design. In fact, making a responsive website may be an advanced method, and prices actually quite a typical web site. one among the issues in implementing RWD is additionally the lack of knowledge during this space. In different words, this technology is slowly being introduced into the course of study of IT faculties. within the Higher school of skilled studies, there are many IT study programs (Web design, info Technology, Electronic Business, and Multimedia) together with web design courses. the primary 2 authors of this paper are teaching a subject known as net Languages and Tools that covers topics RWD techniques.

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